在高浓度气固双相流中测量粒子流的仪表

该文介绍的冲量仪特别适于在含有相当大的粒子(直径大于0.5mm)的固气双相流中测量粒子流的动量通量。仪表的核心是一个灵敏的压电传感器。但这种传感器不是像用于流化床中测量粒子流的加速度计型探头那样受到阻尼振荡。现在的冲量探头补充了光学枝术。习惯上,光学技术只限于在粒子尺寸小,平均粒子浓度低的场合中应用。文章介绍了仪表的设计、校准和初步的鉴定试验。并指出今后应研究的问题。     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论

目前正在进行研制石墨材料,准备用于MX 第一级和第二级固体火箭喷管的入口部,喉部,后喉部,出口锥和可延伸出口锥。这些材料必须经受住新型洲际弹道导弹(ICBM)喷管系统的苛刻的结构、化学侵蚀,粒子冲刷和高温环境。该系统的燃烧室压力可达127公斤/厘米~2,火焰温度为3700°K 至3922°K。叙述了第一级和第二级全尺寸试验喷管的现状。还提出了在喷管设计、石墨材料研制以及预期性能改进方面进一步工作的方向。     

Ground and on-orbit command and data handling architectures for the Active Rack Isolation System microgravity flight experiment

The Active Rack Isolation System [ARIS] International Space Station [ISS] Characterization Experiment, or ARIS-ICE for short, is a long duration microgravity characterization experiment aboard the ISS. The objective of the experiment is to fully characterize active microgravity performance of the first ARIS rack deployed on the ISS. Efficient ground and on-orbit command and data handling [C&DH] segments are the crux in achieving the challenging objectives of the mission. The objective of the paper is to provide an overview of the C&DH architectures developed for ARIS-ICE, with the view that these architectures may serve as a model for future ISS microgravity payloads. Both ground and on-orbit segments, and their interaction with corresponding ISS C&DH systems are presented. The heart of the on-orbit segment is the ARIS-ICE Payload On-orbit Processor, ARIS-ICE POP for short. The POP manages communication with the ISS C&DH system and other ISS subsystems and payloads, enables automation of test/data collection sequences, and provides a wide range of utilities such as efficient file downlinks/uplinks, data post-processing, data compression and data storage. The hardware and software architecture of the POP is presented and it is shown that the built-in functionality helps to dramatically streamline the efficiency of on-orbit operations. The ground segment has at its heart special ARIS-ICE Ground Support Equipment [GSE] software developed for the experiment. The software enables efficient command and file uplinks, and reconstruction and display of science telemetry packets. The GSE software architecture is discussed along with its interactions with ISS ground C&DH elements. A test sequence example is used to demonstrate the interplay between the ground and on-orbit segments.     

MX导弹第二级发动机

引言MX导弹第二级发动机用来提供飞行第二阶段的动力,以及飞行第一阶段和第二阶段的滚转控制力矩。MX导弹第二级发动机的直径为92英寸(2337毫米),长220.4英寸(5598毫米),毛重60234磅(27322公斤),其基本结构如图1所示。经过16个月的系统论证(SD)和头4个月的全尺寸工程研制(FSED),第二级发动机业已进行了优化,以便满足系统要     

MX导弹喷管用先进材料评论 Ⅱ 第一级喷管的先进材料

本文是评论MX导弹喷管先进材料的三篇文章中的第二篇。第一篇文章于1977年4月在SAMPE季刊中发表(译文见“固体火箭技术”1978年第二期第99—105页),综述了MX导弹喷管对材料的要求,叙述了石墨材料的结构、性质和性能之间的关系。本文继续对MX的第一级和第二级发动机喷管所用先进材料进一步进行评价。     

Effect of weightlessness on posture and movement control during a whole body reaching task

Here are reported preliminary results of the “Synergy” experiment performed aboard the Russian orbital station “MIR” in July 1993 (Altaïr Mission). The experiment was carried out before, during, and after the space flight of two astronauts (S1 and S2). The duration of the flight was 21 days for S1 and 6 month for S2. The subjects were tested during preflight, inflight and postflight. The astronaut subjects were fixed on the ground by the feet. They were asked to pick up a box in front of them on the ground. Two velocities of movement and two distances of the target to be reached were tested. The movement of several small markers placed on the body was recorded on video tape.

Results show that the shape of head and hand trajectories in the sagittal plane remains roughly the same during the flight in spite of the modification of mechanical constraints. Trajectory invariance does not result in joint angular displacement invariance. These data indicate that the planning of the movement takes place in terms of head and hand trajectories rather than joint rotations as it was previously suggested for simple arm reaching movement.     

Goals and preparation method for ground operations for the manned space flight Altair

The mission's success fully depends on the Payload Operations conducted during the space flight. The Ground Team has to be trained to assist the Space Crew, to replan the cosmonaut's activities when contingengies occurr onboard and to change or cancel Payload activities when required. In order to act efficiently during the mission, the Ground Team must be prepared in advance of the flight and able to operate special tools for tracking the mission's progress, anticipating problems and taking decisions in realtime.

This document sets out the approach for conducting such a preparation for Ground Operation. It will be focused on the Altaïr mission performed in July 1993 onboard the Russian Mir space station.     

Remote assistance experiment during the manned space flight Altair

This remote assistance trial, performed within the framework of the manned space flight Altaïr, was carried out by CADMOS (CNES), with the cooperation of the Sub-directorate of CNES Operational Systems, Medes, LBM of Tours and Christol Consultants. It consisted of supplying the cosmonaut performing the Orthostatism experiment (echograph acquisition) on board the Mir station with realtime assistance by an expert (LBM of Tours) working from the ground on the CADMOS premises. The various steps of the approach followed during the preparation phase are described, as well as the technical means of communication used between the Mir station and CADMOS.     

CMOS集成硅压力传感器

新型的CMOS集成硅膜压力传感器由一个含四个压阻元件的电桥电路,一个放大器和一个新设计的能抑制电源电压变化和温度漂移的激励电源电路组成。敏感元件用自准直双元硅门CMOS工艺技术制得。方形的硅膜片由异向腐蚀剂N_2H_4·H_2O经腐蚀加工而成。在0～70℃范围内,灵敏度和偏置电压的温度漂移量小于±0.5％。这些数据比常用的杂化技术制得的元件所达到的数值小。利用新设计的激励技术,当电源电压变化±10％时,灵敏的变化不超过±1.5％。     

雷达的韧性、适应性和容量,以及反馈控制的重要性

雷达的作用是向其他系统提供信息,这是不会改变的.现在雷达采用了各种技术,这使雷达比以往任何时候都更经常地采用反馈控制方法来获得韧性、适应性和容量.使雷达对已取得的数据起反应,使反馈控制技术的全部效益发挥出来,只有这样才能设计出更为有价值的雷达来.